Platinum(II) complexes for OLED applications

ABSTRACT

The current invention relates to novel platinum(II) based organometallic materials. These materials show high emission quantum efficiencies and low self-quenching constant. Also provided are high efficiency, green to orange emitting organic light-emitting diode (OLED) that are fabricated using platinum(II) based organometallic materials as the light-emitting material. The organometallic materials of the invention are soluble in common solvents; therefore, solution process methods such as spin coating and printing can be used for device fabrication. The devices fabricated from these materials show low efficiency roll-off.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The subject application is a divisional application which claims thebenefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/861,119, filed Apr. 11, 2013,which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.61/623,339, filed Apr. 12, 2012, which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a class platinum(II) complexes, theirpreparation methods, and their applications in organic light-emittingdiodes (OLED).

BACKGROUND

As organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are recognized as thenext-generation display and lighting technology, OLED relatedtechnologies are rapidly developing. Organic-based emitting material isone of the most important core technologies in OLED; therefore, mucheffort has been devoted to this area. Since triplet emitters could fullyutilize all excitons generated in the device, they are the focus in thefield of emissive material development.

The idea of using phosphorescent materials in OLED was independentlyintroduced by Baldo et al., Ma, and Che et al. in 1998. The world'sfirst phosphorescent OLED (P-OLED) was fabricated using phosphorescentplatinum(II) complex [Pt(OEP)] (OEP=octaethylporphin) (Nature 1998, 395,151-154) and osmium(II) complex [Os(CN)₂(PPh₃)(X)](X=4,4′-diphenyl-2,2′-bipyridine) (Synth. Met. 1998, 94, 245-248) asemitting materials respectively. High efficiency P-OLEDs havecontinuously been fabricated from new phosphorescent materials and areuseful in various mobile electronics devices such as cellphones.

Although the phosphorescent materials that are currently used in theOLED industry have high emissive quantum efficiency (more than 60%),improved phosphorescent materials are needed. As a result, continuousattempts have been made in the development of new materials, especiallyblue-emitting materials.

In addition, most P-OLEDs suffer from high roll-off. In the cases ofplatinum containing materials, more than 90% roll-off is observed in1,000 cd/m² (Applied Physics Letter 92, 163305 (2008), ChemicalCommunications 2005, 1408-1410, Chemical Communications 2004, 1484-1485,Applied Physics Letter 91, 063508 (2007), Chemistry A European Journal2010, 16, 233-247). This problem of high efficiency roll-off is due totriplet-triplet annihilation and/or excimer formation. To solve thisproblem, previous researchers added bulky groups such as tert-butylgroups in the emissive molecules; nevertheless, the P-OLEDs fabricatedfrom these materials still have more than 50% roll-off (Applied PhysicsLetter 91, 063508 (2007), Advanced Material 2007, 19, 3599-3603).

BRIEF SUMMARY

This present invention relates to novel platinum(II)-based materialshaving the chemical structure of Structure I. Also provided are methodsof preparing the platinum(II)-based materials, and their applications inorganic light-emitting diode (OLED).

In one embodiment, the platinum(II)-based compounds of Structure I areshown as follows:

wherein R₁-R₁₅ are independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, anunsubstituted alkyl, a substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, an unsubstitutedaryl, a substituted aryl, acyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, amino, nitro,acylamino, aralkyl, cyano, carboxyl, thio, styryl, aminocarbonyl,carbamoyl, aryloxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, or an alkoxycarbonyl group;

wherein each pair of adjacent R groups of R₁-R₁₅ can be independentlytwo separated groups (or atoms) or one group (or atom), and fonn 5-8member ring(s) with 2 to 4 X groups; and

wherein X₁-X₂₀ are independently boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,silicon, germanium, phosphorous, sulphur or selenium.

In one embodiment, the platinum(II) center is surrounded by the ligandsfeaturing with a 6-5-6 fused membered ring system (the bolded line instructure I).

In one embodiment, R₁₁ is aryl or substituted aryl group, and R₁₀ can beone of the carbon atoms on R₁₁, thereby forming a 6-5-6 fused ringsystem with the adjacent aryl ring.

The present invention also provides devices fabricated from theplatinum(II)-based compounds of Structure I. Advantageously, the devicesof the invention exhibit high efficiency and low roll-off.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of the synthetic scheme of theplatinum(II)-based organometallic compounds of Structure I. In anexemplified embodiment, the compound of Structure I is prepared using aligand of Structure II. For the Precursors 210 to 280 and the compoundof Structure II, R₁-R₁₆ are independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl,an unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, anunsubstituted aryl, a substituted aryl, acyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, amino,nitro, acylamino, aralkyl, cyano, carboxyl, thio, styryl, aminocarbonyl,carbamoyl, aryloxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, or an alkoxycarbonyl group;and X₁-X₂₁ are independently boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon,germanium, phosphorous, sulphur or selenium. In certain embodiments,each pair of adjacent R groups of R₁-R₁₆ can be independently twoseparated groups (or atoms) or one group (or atom), and form 5-8 memberring(s) with 2 to 4 X groups.

FIG. 2 shows the current density-voltage-brightness (J-B-V) relationshipand efficiency-voltage curves of OLED 1.

FIG. 3 shows the current density-voltage-brightness (J-B-V) relationshipand efficiency-voltage curves of OLED 2.

FIG. 4 shows the current density-voltage-brightness (J-B-V) relationshipand efficiency-voltage curves of OLED 3.

FIG. 5 shows the current density-voltage-brightness (J-B-V) relationshipand efficiency-voltage curves of OLED 4.

FIG. 6 shows the current density-voltage-brightness (J-B-V) relationshipand efficiency-voltage curves of OLED 5.

FIG. 7 shows the current density-voltage-brightness (J-B-V) relationshipand efficiency-voltage curves of OLED 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

To facilitate the understanding of the subject matter disclosed herein,a number of terms, abbreviations or other shorthand as used herein aredefined below. Any term, abbreviation or shorthand not defined isunderstood to have the ordinary meaning used by a skilled artisancontemporaneous with the submission of this application.

“Amino” refers to a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine which may beoptionally substituted. Specifically included are secondary or tertiaryamine nitrogen atoms which are members of a heterocyclic ring. Alsospecifically included, for example, are secondary or tertiary aminogroups substituted by an acyl moiety. Some non-limiting examples of anamino group include —NR′R″ wherein each of R′ and R″ is independently H,alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, heteroalkyl, heteroarylor heterocycyl.

“Alkyl” refers to a fully saturated acyclic monovalent radicalcontaining carbon and hydrogen, and which may be branched or a straightchain. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl,ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-heptyl, n-hexyl,n-octyl, and n-decyl.

“Alkylamino” means a radical —NHR or —NR₂ where each R is independentlyan alkyl group. Representative examples of alkylamino groups include,but are not limited to, methylamino, (1-methylethyl)amino, methylamino,dimethyl amino, methylethylamino, and di(1-methyethyl)amino.

The term “hydroxyalkyl” means an alkyl radical as defined herein,substituted with one or more, preferably one, two or three hydroxygroups. Representative examples of hydroxyalkyl include, but are notlimited to, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl,3-hydroxypropyl, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropyl, 2-hydroxybutyl,3-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl,2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethylethyl, 2,3-dihydroxybutyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyland 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxy-propyl, preferably 2-hydroxyethyl,2,3-dihydroxypropyl, and 1-(hydroxymethyl)2-hydroxyethyl.

The term “alkoxy,” as used herein, refers the radical —OR_(x). Exemplaryalkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, andpropoxy.

“Aromatic” or “aromatic group” refers to aryl or heteroaryl.

“Aryl” refers to optionally substituted carbocyclic aromatic groups. Insome embodiments, the aryl group includes phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl,substituted phenyl, substituted biphenyl or substituted naphthyl. Inother embodiments, the aryl group is phenyl or substituted phenyl.

“Aralkyl” refers to an alkyl group which is substituted with an arylgroup. Some non-limiting examples of aralkyl include benzyl andphenethyl.

“Acyl” refers to a monovalent group of the formula —C(═O)H,—C(═O)-alkyl, —C(═O)-aryl, —C(═O)-aralkyl, or —C(═O)-alkaryl.

“Halogen” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

“Styryl” refers to a univalent radical C₆H₅—CH═CH— derived from styrene.

“Substituted” as used herein to describe a compound or chemical moietyrefers to that at least one hydrogen atom of that compound or chemicalmoiety is replaced with a second chemical moiety. Non-limiting examplesof substituents are those found in the exemplary compounds andembodiments disclosed herein, as well as halogen; alkyl; heteroalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heteroaryl; hydroxy; alkoxyl; amino; nitro;thiol; thioether; imine; cyano; amido; phosphonato; phosphine; carboxyl;thiocarbonyl; sulfonyl; sulfonamide; ketone; aldehyde; ester; oxo;haloalkyl (e.g., trifluoromethyl); carbocyclic cycloalkyl, which can bemonocyclic or fused or non-fused polycyclic (e.g., cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl) or a heterocycloalkyl, which canbe monocyclic or fused or non-fused polycyclic (e.g., pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl or thiazinyl); carbocyclic orheterocyclic, monocyclic or fused or non-fused polycyclic aryl (e.g.,phenyl, naphthyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl,oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl,pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, acridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl,pyrimidinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiophenyl or benzofuranyl); amino(primary, secondary or tertiary); o-lower alkyl; o-aryl, aryl;aryl-lower alkyl; —CO₂CH₃; —CONH₂; —OCH₂CONH₂; —NH₂; SO₂NH₂; —OCHF₂;—CF₃; —OCF₃; —NH(alkyl); —N(alkyl)₂; —NH(aryl); —N(alkyl)(aryl);N(aryl)₂; —CHO; —CO(alkyl); CO(aryl); —CO₂(alkyl); and −CO₂(aryl); andsuch moieties can also be optionally substituted by a fused-ringstructure or bridge, for example —OCH₂O—. These substituents canoptionally be further substituted with a substituent selected from suchgroups. All chemical groups disclosed herein can be substituted, unlessit is specified otherwise. For example, “substituted” alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, aryl, hydrocarbyl or heterocyclo moieties described herein aremoieties which are substituted with a hydrocarbyl moiety, a substitutedhydrocarbyl moiety, a heteroatom, or a heterocyclo. Further,substituents may include moieties in which a carbon atom is substitutedwith a heteroatom such as nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, boron,sulfur, or a halogen atom. These substituents may include halogen,heterocyclo, alkoxy, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, aryloxy, hydroxy, protectedhydroxy, keto, acyl, acyloxy, nitro, amino, amido, cyano, thiol, ketals,acetals, esters and ethers.

Light-Emitting Platinum(II)-Based Organometallic Complex

In one aspect, the present invention provides platinum(II)-basedorganometallic compounds. In one embodiment, an organometallic complexrepresented by Structure I, also referred herein as cyclometallatedcomplexes, is provided. The platinum center in Structure I is in +2oxidation state and has a square planar geometry. The coordination sitesof the platinum center are occupied by a tetradentate ligand. Thetetradentate ligand featuring with 6-5-6 fused membered ringscoordinates to the platinum center through a metal-oxygen bond, anitrogen donor bond, a metal-carbon bond and a nitrogen donor bond in asequence of O, N, C, N (O^N^C*N ligand; i.e., 4 connecting covalentbonds (either single or double) between O^N, 3 connecting covalent bonds(either single or double) between N^C, 4 connecting covalent bonds(either single or double) between C*N). The metal-oxygen bond is a bondbetween deprotonated phenol or substituted phenol and platinum, thenitrogen donors are from pyridine and/or isoquinoline groups, and themetal-carbon bond is formed by benzene or substituted benzene andplatinum.

In one embodiment, the platinum(II)-based organometallic compounds havethe chemical structure of Structure I

wherein R₁-R₁₅ are independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, anunsubstituted alkyl, a substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, an unsubstitutedaryl, a substituted aryl, acyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, amino, nitro,acylamino, aralkyl, cyano, carboxyl, thio, styryl, aminocarbonyl,carbamoyl, aryloxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, or an alkoxycarbonyl group;

wherein each pair of adjacent R groups of R₁-R₁₅ can be independentlytwo separated groups (or atoms) or one group (or atom), and form 5-8member ring(s) with 2 to 4 X groups; and

wherein X₁-X₂₀ are independently boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,silicon, germanium, phosphorous, sulphur or selenium.

In one embodiment, the platinum(II) center is surrounded by the ligandsfeaturing with a 6-5-6 fused membered ring system (the bolded line instructure I).

In one embodiment, R₁₁ is aryl or substituted aryl group, and R₁₀ can beone of the carbon atoms on R₁₁ thereby forming a 6-5-6 fused ring systemwith the adjacent aryl ring.

In one embodiment, each R₁-R₁₅ is independently hydrogen, halogen (suchas fluorine, chlorine bromine, and iodine), hydroxyl, an unsubstitutedalkyl containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted alkylcontaining from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl containing from 4 to 20carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aryl containing from 6 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted aryl containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, acylcontaining from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkoxy containing from 1 to 20carbon atoms, acyloxy containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, amino,nitro, acylamino containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkylcontaining from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, cyano, carboxyl containing from 1to 20 carbon atoms, thiol, styryl, aminocarbonyl containing from 1 to 20carbon atoms, carbamoyl containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms,aryloxycarbonyl containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, phenoxycarbonylcontaining from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an alkoxycarbonyl groupcontaining from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

In another embodiment, the total number of carbon atoms provided by theR₁-R₁₅ groups is from 1 to 40.

In another embodiment, the total number of carbon atoms provided by theR₁-R₁₅ groups is from 2 to 30.

Certain specific, non-limiting examples of the organometallic complexeswith Structure I are shown as follows:

Preparation of Platinum(II)-Based Organometallic Complex

In one embodiment, the organometallic complex with the chemicalstructure of Structure I can be prepared from a tetradentate ligand witha chemical structure of Structure II:

wherein R₁-R₁₅ are independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, anunsubstituted alkyl, a substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, an unsubstitutedaryl, a substituted aryl, acyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, amino, nitro,acylamino, aralkyl, cyano, carboxyl, thio, styryl, aminocarbonyl,carbamoyl, aryloxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, or an alkoxycarbonyl group;

wherein each pair of adjacent R groups of R₁-R₁₅ can be independentlytwo separated groups (or atoms) or one group (or atom), and form 5-8member ring(s) with 2 to 4 X groups; and

wherein X₁-X₂₀ are independently boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,silicon, germanium, phosphorous, sulphur or selenium.

In one embodiment, R₁₁ is aryl or substituted aryl group, and R₁₀ can beone of the carbon atoms on R₁₁ thereby forming a 6-5-6 fused ring systemwith the adjacent aryl ring.

In one embodiment, each R₁-R₁₅ is independently hydrogen, halogen (suchas fluorine, chlorine bromine, and iodine), hydroxyl, an unsubstitutedalkyl containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted alkylcontaining from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl containing from 4 to 20carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aryl containing from 6 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted aryl containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, acylcontaining from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkoxy containing from 1 to 20carbon atoms, acyloxy containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, amino,nitro, acylamino containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkylcontaining from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, cyano, carboxyl containing from 1to 20 carbon atoms, thio, styryl, aminocarbonyl containing from 1 to 20carbon atoms, carbamoyl containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms,aryloxycarbonyl containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, phenoxycarbonylcontaining from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an alkoxycarbonyl groupcontaining from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

In another embodiment, the total number of carbon atoms provided by theR₁-R₁₅ groups is from 1 to 40.

In another embodiment, the total number of carbon atoms provided by theR₁-R₁₅ groups is from 2 to 30.

Certain specific non-limiting examples of the tetradentate ligand withStructure II are shown below:

In one embodiment, the tetradentate ligands with Structure II can beprepared by a series of reactions depicted in FIG. 1.

According to FIG. 1, Precursor 210 reacts with Precursor 220 orPrecursor 230 reacts with Precursor 240, through Reaction 301 to formPrecursor 260 or through Reaction 302 to form Precursor 280, dependingon the chemical structure of the Precursor 210-Precursor 240. IfPrecursor 260 is produced, it is transformed to Precursor 270 throughReaction 305 and then transformed to Precursor 280 through Reaction 306.Finally, Precursor 208 is transformed to a ligand with a chemicalstructure of Structure II by Reaction 307. Precursor 260 and Precursor280 can also be produced by reacting Precursor 240 with Precursor 250through Reaction 303 or Reaction 304. All reactions 301-307 can be asingle step or multi-step reaction.

In one embodiment, Reaction 301 comprises reacting Precursor 210 andPrecursor 220 or Precursor 230 and Precursor 240. In one embodiment,Reaction 301 is performed in the presence of excess ammonium acetate anda solvent under a reflux condition. Suitable solvents for Reaction 301include, but are not limited to, methanol. In one embodiment, Reaction305 comprises a palladium coupling reaction usingbis[2-(diphenylphoshpine)phenyl]ether (DPE-phos) as a ligand,tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) as the catalyst, potassiumtert-butoxide as the base and toluene as the solvent, under an inertnitrogen environment at 80° C.

In one embodiment, Reaction 306 is the same as Reaction 305.

In one embodiment, Reaction 307 comprises reacting pyridine hydrogenchloride with Precursor 280.

In one embodiment, Reaction 307 comprises reacting carbon tetarbromidewith Precursor 280.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing the organometallic complex with chemical structure ofStructure I, comprising reacting a ligand with chemical structure ofStructure II with a platinum(II) salt in the presence of solvent(s).Other chemicals such as based will be added if they are needed in thereaction. In one embodiment, the platinum(II) salt is potassiumtetrachloroplatinate. In another embodiment, the solvents are glacialacetic acid and chloroform.

Industrial Applications of Platinum(II) Based Organometallic Complexes

The platinum(II) based organometallic complexes having the chemicalstructure of Structure I show strong emission with high solution quantumyield.

As the platinum(II) based organometallic complexes of Structure I have arigid structure which reduces the non-radioactive decay, the emissionquantum efficiency of these complexes are high. Therefore, highefficiency organic light emitting diode (OLED) can be fabricated byusing these complexes as emitting material.

In one embodiment, the OLED fabricated using the organometallic complexof Structure I shows a high efficiency of greater than 70 cd/A. Inanother embodiment, the OLED fabricated using the organometallic complexof Structure I shows a high efficiency of greater than 40 cd/A,including, but not limited to, greater than 45 cd/A, 50 cd/A, 55 cd/A,60 cd/A, 65 cd/A, 70 cd/A, 75 cd/A, 80 cd/A, or 85 cd/A.

In one embodiment, the organometallic complexes with the chemicalstructure of Structure I have a X₁₅—N—X₁₆—R₁₁ substructure which makesthe complexes non-planar; as a result, the self-quenching effect ofthese complexes are low. In one embodiment, the self-quenching constantfor the complexes of Structure I are in the order of 10⁷ or lower,including, but not limited to, lower than in the order of 7×10⁶, 5×10⁶,3×10⁶, 10⁶, 7×10⁵, 5×10⁵, 3×10⁵, or 10⁵.

The effect of triplet-triplet annihilation in the devices is suppressed.As a result, the efficiency roll-off in the devices fabricated by usingthese complexes as emitting materials are low.

In one embodiment, the efficiency roll-off of the device at 1000 cd/A isless than 7%. In another embodiment, the efficiency roll-off of thedevice at 1000 cd/A is less than 20%, or any percentages lower than 20%,including, but not limited to, lower than 17%, 15%, 13%, 10%, 7%, 5%, or3%.

Furthermore, due to the low self-quenching, higher doping concentrationcan be used to increase the device efficiency while the CIE can be keptas the excimer emission is avoided, or is substantially avoided.

In one embodiment, a device shows no, or almost no, excimer emissionwith 10% doping concentration.

As the complexes show emission from green to orange region, green toorange OLED can be fabricated by using the organometallic complex ofStructure I as the single emitter. In an embodiment, a blue emittingmaterial (or layer) is added to the orange device, and white OLED can befabricated.

In one embodiment, the device fabricated using the organometalliccomplex of Structure I shows green emission with CIE of (0.25±0.05,0.63±0.05).

In another embodiment, the device fabricated using the organometalliccomplex of Structure I shows yellow to orange emission with CIE of(0.40±0.1, 0.4±0.1).

Since the organometallic complexes of Structure I do not carry netcharge and are soluble in common solvents, various device fabricationmethods can be used in OLED fabrication.

The luminescent platinum(II) compounds of the present invention can beformed into thin films by vacuum deposition, spin-coating, inkjetprinting or other known fabrication methods. Different multilayer OLEDshave been fabricated using the compounds of the present invention aslight-emitting material or as dopant in the emitting layer. In general,the OLEDs consist on an anode and a cathode, between which are the holetransporting layer, light-emitting layer, and electron transporting orinjection layer. The present invention makes use of an additionalcarrier confinement layer to improve the performance of the devices.

In one embodiment, the OLED is fabricated by vacuum deposition.

In another embodiment, the OLED is fabricated by solution processincluding spin coating and printing.

EXAMPLES

Following are examples that illustrate embodiments for practicing theinvention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. Allpercentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are byvolume unless otherwise noted.

Example 1—Preparation of Precursor 261

To a conical flask was charged with Precursor 221 (2.24 g, 5.5 mmol),Precursor 211 (1.95 g, 5.5 mmol), excess ammonium acetate, and methanol.The mixture was refluxed for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature,the solvent was evaporated. The crude mixture was extracted withdichloromethane and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 2.56 g of off-whitesolid was obtained. Yield: 88%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.31 (s, 1H),8.05-8.04 (m, 2H), 8.01 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.53 (m,2H), 7.52 (s, 2H), 7.42 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.15(t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 1.41 (s, 18H).

Example 2—Preparation of Precursor 271

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 261 (1.44 g,2.7 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.42 g, 3.8 mmol), Pd(dba)₂ (0.25 g,0.27 mmol), DPE-phos(bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether) (0.29 g,0.55 mmol), aniline (0.25 g, 2.7 mmol), and anhydrous toluene. Themixture was refluxed for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, ethylacetate was added, and the mixture was stirred for five minutes. Thecrude mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and purified bychromatography on silica gel with mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate(v/v=10:1). 1.31 g of yellow solid was obtained. Yield: 90%. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.03 (s, 2H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.62 (m,1H), 7.53 (s, 3H), 7.42-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.30-7.28 (m,2H), 7.13-7.11 (m, 2H), 7.05-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.93 (m, 1H), 5.86 (s, 1H),3.89 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 18H).

Example 3—Preparation of Precursor 281

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 271 (1.31 g,2.4 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.33 g, 2.9 mmol), Pd(dba)₂ (0.22 g,0.24 mmol), DPE-phos, 2-iodopyridine (0.26 g, 0.48 mmol), and anhydroustoluene. The mixture was refluxed for 24 h. After cooling to roomtemperature, ethyl acetate was added, and the mixture was stirred forfive minutes. The crude mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate andpurified by chromatography on silica gel with mixture of hexane andethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 1.29 g of yellow solid was obtained. Yield:87%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.26 (d, J=4.92 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H),7.96 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.93-7.89 (m, 2H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.52 (t, J=1.97Hz, 1H), 7.49 (s, 2H), 7.45-7.23 (m, 8H), 7.11 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.03(d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.78-6.80 (m, 1H), 3.86 (s,3H), 1.38 (s, 18H).

Example 4—Preparation of Ligand 401

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 281 (1.29 g,2.1 mmol) and pyridine hydrochloride. The mixture was refluxed for 24 h.After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture was extracted withdichloromethane and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 1.2 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 95%. ¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 500 MHz): δ 14.37 (s, 1H),8.22 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (s,1H), 7.75 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.48 (m,4H), 7.38-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.19 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 6.99(d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.82-6.86 (m, 2H), 1.39 (s,18H). MS (FAB): 604.1 (M⁺)

Example 5—Preparation of Precursor 282

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 271 (0.20 g,0.37 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.05 g, 0.44 mmol), Pd(dba)₂ (0.03g, 0.03 mmol), DPE-phos (0.04 g, 0.07 mmol), 3-bromoisoquinoline (0.08g, 0.86 mmol), and anhydrous toluene. The mixture was refluxed for 24 h.After cooling to room temperature, ethyl acetate was added, and themixture was stirred for five minutes. The crude mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.17 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 69%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 9.03 (s, 1H), 8.00(s, 1H), 7.83-7.96 (m, 4H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.45 (m, 6H), 7.39-7.30(m, 5H), 7.25-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.02 (m, 4H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s,18H).

Example 6—Preparation of Ligand 402

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 282 (0.13 g,0.19 mmol) and pyridine hydrochloride. The mixture was refluxed for 24h. After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture was extractedwith dichloromethane and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.11 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 90%. ¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 400 MHz): δ14.67 (s, 1H), 9.04(s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.89-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.73-7.71 (m, 2H), 7.63 (s,1H), 7.55-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.47-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.38-7.26 (m, 7H), 7.17-7.15(m, 2H), 7.02 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 1.38 (s, 18H).

Example 7—Preparation of Precursor 253

To a conical flask was charged with 7-methoxy-1-indanone (2.18 g, 13.4mmol), 1,1-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine. The mixture was refluxedfor 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was evaporated.The crude mixture was purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 2.42 g of brown solidwas obtained. Yield: 83%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.42-7.37 (m, 2H),7.00 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s,2H), 3.14 (s, 6H).

Example 8—Preparation of Precursor 263

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 253 (2.18 g,10.0 mmol), Precursor 243 (1.99 g, 10.0 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide(1.35 g, 12.0 mmol), anhydrous THF. The mixture was stirred for 12 h.Excess ammonium acetate, acidic acid was added. The mixture was refluxedfor 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate and an intermediate was purified bychromatography on silica gel with mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate(v/v=10:1). To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged theintermediate prepared above (0.53 g, 1.5 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide(0.37 g, 3.3 mmol), 1-iodobutane (0.38 mL, 3.3 mmol), and anhydrous THF.The mixture was stirred for 24 h. The crude mixture was extracted withethyl acetate and purified by chromatography on silica gel with mixtureof hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.60 g of yellow solid wasobtained. Yield: 77%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d,J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (q, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.32(m, 2H), 7.00 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (s, 3H),2.01-1.96 (s, 4H), 1.10-1.02 (m, 4H), 0.67-0.57 (m, 10H).

Example 9—Preparation of Precursor 273

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 263 (0.54 g,1.2 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.16 g, 1.4 mmol), Pd(dba)₂ (0.11 g,0.12 mmol), DPE-phos(bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether) (0.13 g,0.23 mmol), aniline (0.11 g, 1.2 mmol), and anhydrous toluene. Themixture was refluxed for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, ethylacetate was added, and the mixture was stirred for five minutes. Thecrude mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and purified bychromatography on silica gel with mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate(v/v=10:1). 0.41 g of yellow solid was obtained. Yield: 74%. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 2H),7.41-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.15-7.13 (m, 3H), 7.00-6.90 (m, 3H),5.82 (s, 1H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 2.00-1.95 (m, 4H), 1.10-1.02 (m, 4H),0.67-0.57 (m, 10H).

Example 10—Preparation of Precursor 283

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 273 (0.41 g,0.86 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.12 g, 1.03 mmol), Pd(dba)₂ (0.08g, 0.086 mmol), DPE-phos (0.09 g, 0.17 mmol), 2-iodopyridine (0.18 g,0.86 mmol), and anhydrous toluene. The mixture was refluxed for 24 h.After cooling to room temperature, ethyl acetate was added, and themixture was stirred for five minutes. The crude mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.43 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 90%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ8.26 (d, J=7.7 Hz,1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.55(d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (q, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.30 (m, 4H), 7.23-7.20(m, 2H), 7.11 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H),1.97-1.55 (m, 4H), 1.07-1.00 (m, 4H), 0.65-0.53 (m, 10H).

Example 11—Preparation of Ligand 403

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 283 (0.43 g,0.77 mmol) and pyridine hydrochloride. The mixture was refluxed for 24h. After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture was extractedwith dichloromethane and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.387 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 90%. ¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 500 MHz): δ 9.17 (s, 1H), 8.21(d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=7.9Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=7.9Hz, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.21 (m,3H), 7.18 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.84-6.82 (m, 3H),1.97-1.92 (m, 4H), 1.10-1.06 (m, 4H), 0.71-0.66 (m, 10H). MS(FAB): 540.3(M⁺).

Example 12—Preparation of Precursor 284

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 273 (0.21 g,0.44 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.06 g, 0.52 mmol), Pd(dba)₂ (0.04g, 0.04 mmol), DPE-phos (0.05 g, 0.08 mmol), 3-bromoisoquinoline (0.09g, 0.44 mmol), and anhydrous toluene. The mixture was refluxed for 24 h.After cooling to room temperature, ethyl acetate was added, and themixture was stirred for five minutes. The crude mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.17 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 65%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 9.03 (s, 1H), 8.05(s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.50 (m,5H), 7.46 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.25-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.12(s, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H),1.97-1.92 (m, 4H), 1.06-1.01 (m, 4H), 0.64-0.57 (m, 10H).

Example 13—Preparation of Ligand 404

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 284 (0.17 g,0.28 mmol) and pyridine hydrochloride. The mixture was refluxed for 24h. After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture was extractedwith dichloromethane and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.15 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 90%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 9.31 (s, 1H), 9.04(s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (s, 2H), 7.54-7.45 (m, 5H),7.42-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.29-7.23 (m, 4H), 7.15 (s, 2H), 6.87 (t, J=8.7 Hz,2H), 1.96-1.91 (m, 4H), 1.05-1.00 (m, 4H), 0.70-0.65 (m, 10H). MS(ESI):590.3 (M⁺).

Example 14—Preparation of Precursor 265

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 253 (0.50 g,2.3 mmol), Precursor 245 (0.54 g, 2.3 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide(0.31 g, 2.7 mmol), anhydrous THF. The mixture was stirred for 12 h.Excess ammonium acetate, acidic acid was added. The mixture was refluxedfor 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture of theintermediate was extracted with ethyl acetate and purified bychromatography on silica gel with mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate(v/v=10:1).

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was the above intermediate (0.90 g, 2.3mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.57 g, 5.1 mmol), 1-iodobutane (0.58mL, 5.1 mmol), and anhydrous THF. The mixture was stirred for 24 h. Thecrude mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and purified bychromatography on silica gel with mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate(v/v=10:1). 1.04 g of yellow solid was obtained. Yield: 81%. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.65 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.65(d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.02-6.94 (m, 3H), 4.11 (s,3H), 2.02-1.96 (m, 4H), 1.10-1.04 (m, 4H), 0.68-0.56 (m, 10H).

Example 15—Preparation of Precursor 275

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 265 (1.22 g,2.4 mmol), potassium phosphate (0.78 g, 3.6 mmol), Pd(dba)₂ (0.22 g, 0.2mmol), DPE-phos(bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether) (0.26 g, 0.5mmol), aniline (0.23 g, 2.4 mmol), and toluene/water mixture. Themixture was refluxed for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, ethylacetate was added, and the mixture was stirred for five minutes. Thecrude mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and purified bychromatography on silica gel with mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate(v/v=10:1). 0.76 g of yellow solid was obtained. Yield: 61%. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.39 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.62(d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.39-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.17 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.00-6.96(m, 3H), 6.88 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 2.00-1.94 (m, 4H),1.09-1.03 (m, 4H), 0.67-0.58 (m, 10H).

Example 16—Preparation of Precursor 285

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 275 (0.77 g,1.5 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.20 g, 1.8 mmol), Pd(dba)₂ (0.14 g,0.2 mmol), DPE-phos (0.16 g, 0.3 mmol), 2-iodopyridine (0.31 g, 1.5mmol), and anhydrous toluene. The mixture was refluxed for 24 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, ethyl acetate was added, and the mixturewas stirred for five minutes. The crude mixture was extracted with ethylacetate and purified by chromatography on silica gel with mixture ofhexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.49 g of yellow solid wasobtained. Yield: 55%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.13 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H),8.10 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.44 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.31 (m,3H), 7.29-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.16 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 1H),6.94 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.75-6.70 (m, 2H), 3.74(s, 3H), 1.94-1.88 (m, 4H), 1.03-0.97 (m, 4H), 0.60-0.48 (m, 10H).

Example 17—Preparation of Ligand 405

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 285 (0.22 g,0.3 mmol) and BBr₃ (0.4 mL, 3.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 3 h.Water was added to quench the reaction. The crude mixture was extractedwith dichloromethane and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.18 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 85%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.12(s, 1H), 7.82 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=7.6Hz, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.15 (m, 5H), 7.03 (t, J=8.5 Hz,2H), 6.89 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.72 (m, 3H), 1.98-1.89 (m, 4H),1.08-1.01 (m, 4H), 0.66-0.58 (m, 10H).

Example 18—Preparation of Precursor 266

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 253 (1.21 g,5.6 mmol), Precursor 246 (1.42 g, 5.6 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide(0.75 g, 6.6 mmol), anhydrous THF. The mixture was stirred for 12 h.Excess ammonium acetate, acidic acid was added. The mixture was refluxedfor 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture of theintermediate was extracted with ethyl acetate and purified bychromatography on silica gel with mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate(v/v=10:1).

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with the intermediate above(0.67 g, 1.6 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.41 g, 3.6 mmol),1-iodobutane (0.41 mL, 3.6 mmol), and anhydrous THF (20 mL). The mixturewas stirred for 24 h. The crude mixture was extracted with ethyl acetateand purified by chromatography on silica gel with mixture of hexane andethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.80 g of yellow solid was obtained. Yield:72%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.63 (q,J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J=7.4 Hz,1H), 6.92 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (s, 3H), 2.00-1.97 (m, 4H), 1.40 (s,9H), 1.09-1.03 (m, 4H), 0.66-0.57 (m, 10H).

Example 19—Preparation of Precursor 276

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 266 (0.80 g,1.5 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.21 g, 1.8 mmol), Pd(dba)₂ (0.14 g,0.2 mmol), DPE-phos(bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether) (0.17 g, 0.3mmol), aniline (0.16 g, 1.5 mmol), and anhydrous toluene (20 mL). Themixture was refluxed for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, ethylacetate was added, and the mixture was stirred for five minutes. Thecrude mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and purified bychromatography on silica gel with mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate(v/v=10:1). 0.66 g of yellow solid was obtained. Yield: 81%. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 2H), 7.36 (t,J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.13 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 3H), 6.98 (d, J=7.5Hz, 1H), 6.92-6.90 (m, 2H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 1.99-1.94 (m, 4H), 1.40 (s,9H), 1.09-1.04 (m, 4H), 0.67-0.62 (m, 10H).

Example 20—Preparation of Precursor 286

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 276 (0.65 g,1.2 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.17 g, 1.5 mmol), Pd(dba)₂ (0.11 g,0.1 mmol), DPE-phos (0.13 g, 0.2 mmol), 2-iodopyridine (0.30 g, 1.2mmol), and anhydrous toluene (20 mL). The mixture was refluxed for 24 h.After cooling to room temperature, ethyl acetate was added, and themixture was stirred for five minutes. The crude mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.65 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 86%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.24 (d, J=4.5 Hz,1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=7.9Hz, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (t, J=8.3Hz, 2H), 7.25-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.10 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 6.88 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.81-6.75 (m, 2H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 1.98-1.93(m, 4H), 1.36 (s, 9H), 1.07-1.02 (m, 4H), 0.65-0.55 (m, 10H).

Example 21—Preparation of Ligand 406

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 286 (0.65 g,1.1 mmol) and pyridine hydrochloride (5 g). The mixture was refluxed for24 h. After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture was extractedwith dichloromethane and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.59 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 94%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 9.19 (s, 1H), 8.14(s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.47-7.42(m, 2H), 7.30-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.24-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.09 (m, 1H), 6.87(d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 3H), 1.94-1.89 (m, 4H), 1.29 (s,9H), 1.06-1.01 (m, 4H), 0.65-0.59 (m, 10H).

Example 22—Preparation of Precursor 267

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 253 (1.97 g,9.0 mmol), Precursor 247 (2.04 g, 9.0 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide(1.22 g, 10.9 mmol), anhydrous THF (40 mL). The mixture was stirred for12 h. Excess ammonium acetate, acidic acid was added. The mixture wasrefluxed for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixtureof the first intermediate was extracted with ethyl acetate and purifiedby chromatography on silica gel with mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate(v/v=10:1).

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged the first intermediate(0.53 g, 1.4 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.35 g, 3.1 mmol),1-iodobutane (0.35 mL, 3.1 mmol), and anhydrous THF (20 mL). The mixturewas stirred for 24 h. The crude mixture of the second intermediate wasextracted with ethyl acetate and purified by chromatography on silicagel with mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1).

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with the secondintermediate (0.64 g, 1.3 mmol),4,5-dichloro-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,2-dicarbonitrile(DDQ) (0.42g, 1.8 mmol), and anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (40 mL). The mixture wasrefluxed for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, ethyl acetate wasadded, and the mixture was stirred for five minutes. The crude mixturewas extracted with saturated sodium dicarbonate solution,dichloromethane and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.61 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 79.5%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 9.62 (s, 1H),8.00 (s, 1H), 7.77-7.75 (m, 4H), 7.48 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=7.5Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 2.17-2.00 (m, 4H),1.08-1.03 (m, 4H), 0.67-0.57 (m, 10H).

Example 23—Preparation of Precursor 277

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 267 (0.61 g,1.2 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.17 g, 1.5 mmol), Pd(dba)₂ (0.11 g,0.1 mmol), DPE-phos(bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether) (0.13 g, 0.2mmol), aniline (0.13 g, 1.2 mmol), and anhydrous toluene (20 mL). Themixture was refluxed for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, ethylacetate was added, and the mixture was stirred for five minutes. Thecrude mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and purified bychromatography on silica gel with mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate(v/v=10:1). 0.51 g of yellow solid was obtained. Yield: 83%. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 9.15 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H),7.70 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.30 (m, 6H), 7.04(d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 6.09 (s, 1H), 4.09 (s, 3H),2.08-2.04 (m, 4H), 1.07-1.02 (m, 4H), 0.65-0.58 (m, 10H).

Example 24—Preparation of Precursor 287

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 277 (0.51 g,1.0 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.14 g, 1.2 mmol), Pd(dba)₂ (0.09 g,0.1 mmol), DPE-phos (0.11 g, 0.2 mmol), 2-iodopyridine (0.23 g, 1.0mmol), and anhydrous toluene (20 mL). The mixture was refluxed for 24 h.After cooling to room temperature, ethyl acetate was added, and themixture was stirred for five minutes. The crude mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.52 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 89%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 9.24 (s, 1H), 8.30(s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H),7.54 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.17(m, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (t, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.09-2.04 (m, 4H), 1.08-1.00 (m, 4H), 0.65-0.54(m, 10H).

Example 25—Preparation of Ligand 407

To a dry, nitrogen-flushed flask was charged with Precursor 287 (0.52 g,0.9 mmol) and pyridine hydrochloride (5 g). The mixture was refluxed for24 h. After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture was extractedwith dichloromethane and purified by chromatography on silica gel withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.48 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 95%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 9.39 (s, 1H), 8.90(s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d,J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (t,J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 6.94-6.85 (m, 4H),2.08-2.01 (m, 4H), 1.12-1.06 (m, 4H), 0.71-0.64 (m, 10H).

Example 26—Preparation of Precursor 228

A mixture of 2-acetylcarbazole, copper powder and potassium carbonatewas degassed by three pump-fill cycles. To the solid mixture was added50 mL DMF and 2-iodopyridine. The mixture was heated to 130° C.overnight. After cooling down to room temperature, dichloromethane wasadded to the mixture and filtered through celite. The organic solventwas extracted with water and dried with magnesium sulfate. The crude1-(9-(pyridin-2-yl)carbazol-2-yl)ethanone was then purified by columnchromatography using dichloromethane as eluent. The product was obtainedas an off-white solid.

To a mixture of 1-(9-(pyridin-2-yl)carbazol-2-yl)ethanone and iodide wasadded 10 mL pyridine. The mixture was heated at 90° C. overnight. Thesolution was cooled down to room temperature and the volatiles wereremoved under vacuum. The solid was filtered and washed with coldacetone. The product was obtained as a yellow solid. Yield: 1.12 g (2.28mmol, 65%). ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz): δ 9.01 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H),8.80-8.72 (m, 2H), 8.55 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (s, 1H), 8.43 (d, J=7.7Hz, 1H), 8.29 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 8.20 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.2Hz, 1H), 7.86 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.65-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.42 (t, J=7.5 Hz,1H), 6.60 (s, 2H).

Example 27—Preparation of Precursor 288

To a mixture of Precursor 218 (0.80 g, 2.28 mmol) and Precursor 228(1.12 g, 2.28 mmol) was added 30 g ammonium acetate and 20 mL methanol.The mixture was refluxed overnight. The reaction mixture was partitionedwith dichloromethane and water. The organics was dried with magnesiumsulfate and evaporated under vacuum. The crude product was purified withcolumn chromatography using dichloromethane as eluent. The product wasobtained as a yellow solid. Yield: 0.75 g (1.22 mmol, 53%). ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ8.76-8.75 (m, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=8.2 Hz,1H), 8.18-8.13 (m, 2H), 8.06-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.95-7.93 (m, 2H), 7.90 (d,J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=8.1 Hz), 7.57-7.56 (m, 3H), 7.47 (t, J=7.7 Hz,1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.14 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H),7.06 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 2H), 1.42 (s, 18H).

Example 28—Preparation of Ligand 408

A mixture of Precursor 288 (0.75 g, 1.22 mmol) and 20 g pyridinumhydrochloride was heated to around 200° C. under nitrogen atmosphere.The reaction progress was monitored by TLC. When all the startingmaterial was consumed, the reaction was quenched with water when hot.The solution was then partitioned with dichloromethane and water. Theorganic layer was dried with magnesium sulfate and the volatiles wereremoved under vacuum. The crude product was purified by columnchromatography using dichloromethane as eluent. The product was obtainedas a yellow solid. Yield: 0.54 g (0.90 mmol, 74%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500MHz): δ 14.82 (s, 1H), 8.69 (dd, J=4.9 Hz, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H),8.18 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.95-7.90 (m, 3H), 7.88(dd, J=8.0 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H),7.52 (s, 1H), 7.47 (s, 2H), 7.42 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.25 (m, 3H),7.02 (dd, J=8.2 Hz, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 1.36 (s, 18H).

Example 29—Preparation of Precursor 289

To a degassed 250 mL round-bottom Schlenk flask was added Precursor 248(1.48 g, 5.16 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.69 g, 6.19 mmol) and 50mL anhydrous THF. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2hours under nitrogen atmosphere. A solution of Precursor 253 (1.12 g,5.16 mmol) in 50 mL THF was then added to the above mixture through acannula. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperatureunder nitrogen. To the mixture was then added 50 g ammonium acetate and25 mL glacial acetic acid. The volatile organics was then removed bydistillation at about 100° C. The crude product was then partitionedbetween dichloromethane and water. The organic layer was dried withmagnesium sulfate and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The crudeproduct of9-methoxy-2-(9-(pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-5H-indeno[1,2-b]pyridinewas purified by column chromatography using dichloromethane as eluent.

To a degassed round bottom flask with9-methoxy-2-(9-(pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-5H-indeno[1,2-b]pyridine(0.45 g, 1.02 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (0.27 g, 2.45 mmol)dissolved in 50 mL anhydrous THF was added 1-bromohexane (0.50 g, 3.05mmol). The resulting solution was refluxed for 2 hours and then cooleddown to room temperature. The crude product was then partitioned betweendichloromethane and water. The organic layer was dried with magnesiumsulfate and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The crude productwas purified by column chromatography using dichloromethane as eluent.The product was obtained as yellow oil. Yield: 0.59 g (0.97 mmol, 95%).¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ8.81-8.78 (m, 2H), 8.20 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H),8.14 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 2H), 8.00 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H),7.83-7.7.78 (m, 2H), 7.65 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H),7.40-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.00 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.06(s, 3H), 2.01-1.94 (m, 4H), 1.11-0.99 (m, 12H), 0.74 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 6H),0.64-0.60 (m, 4H).

Example 30—Preparation of Ligand 409

A degassed 100 mL round bottom flask charged with Precursor 289 (0.59 g,0.97 mmol) and 20 g pyridinum hydrochloride was heated to around 200° C.The reaction was monitored by TLC. When all the starting material wasconsumed, the reaction was quenched with water when hot. The solutionwas then partitioned between dichloromethane and water. The organiclayer was dried with magnesium sulfate and the volatiles were removedunder vacuum. The crude product was purified by column chromatographyusing dichloromethane as eluent. The product was obtained as yellow oil.Yield: 0.47 g (0.79 mmol, 82%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 9.47 (s, 1H),8.80 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (d,J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 8.02-7.98 (m, 2H), 7.88 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=8.1Hz, 1H), 7.71-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.30 (m, 3H),6.92-6.89 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.92 (m, 4H), 1.17-1.03 (m, 12H), 0.79-0.71 (m,10H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz): δ 161.20, 155.55, 154.47, 152.51,151.76, 149.81, 141.75, 140.39, 140.11, 138.64, 137.09, 130.96, 130.84,126.60, 124.95, 124.42, 124.03, 121.49, 121.15, 120.49, 120.40, 119.88,119.15, 117.90, 114.24, 113.45, 111.30, 109.64, 54.30, 39.72, 31.49,29.68, 24.04, 22.55, 13.98.

Example 31—Preparation of Complex 101

To a round bottom flask was charged with Ligand 401 (0.42 g, 0.69 mmol),K₂PtCl₄ (0.35 g, 0.83 mmol), and mixture of glacial acetic acid (140 mL)and chloroform (5 mL). The mixture was refluxed under argon for 24 h.After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture was extracted withdichloromethane and purified by chromatography on alumina with mixtureof hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.5 g of orange solid wasobtained. Yield: 90%. ¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 500 MHz): δ 10.18 (d, J=6.3 Hz,1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.72-7.69 (m,2H), 7.64-7.59 (m, 4H), 7.54-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.34 (m, 3H), 7.25 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (t,J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 1.43 (s,18H). MS(FAB): 797.3 (M⁺)

Example 32—Preparation of Complex 102

To a round bottom flask were charged with Ligand 402 (0.09 g, 0.13mmol), K₂PtCl₄ (0.07 g, 0.16 mmol), and mixture of glacial acetic acid(24 mL) and chloroform (0.9 mL). The mixture was refluxed under nitrogenfor 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture wasextracted with dichloromethane and purified by chromatography on aluminawith mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.10 g of yellowsolid was obtained. Yield: 91%. ¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 300 MHz): δ 11.05 (s,1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.98-7.93 (m, 2H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.67 (t, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 7.56-7.54 (m, 4H), 7.50 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.32 (m, 3H),7.30-7.25 (m, 4H), 6.90 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.55(s, 1H), 6.06 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 1.36-1.32 (m, 18H). MS(ESI): 847.6(M⁺).

Example 33—Preparation of Complex 103

To a round bottom flask was charged with Ligand 403 (0.34 g, 0.63 mmol),K₂PtCl₄ (0.31 g, 0.76 mmol), and mixture of glacial acetic acid (100 mL)and chloroform (5 mL). The mixture was refluxed under argon for 24 h.After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture was extracted withdichloromethane and purified by chromatography on alumina with mixtureof hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.42 g of yellow solid wasobtained. Yield: 90%. ¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 500 MHz): δ 10.28 (d, J=6.1 Hz,1H), 7.86 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (t, J=8.7 Hz,2H), 7.52 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),7.05 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (t, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H),6.68 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.12 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H),1.92-1.97 (m, 4H), 1.06-1.10 (m, 4H), 0.66-0.71 (m, 10H).

Example 34—Preparation of Complex 104

To a round bottom flask were charged with Ligand 404 (0.04 g, 0.06mmol), K₂PtCl₄ (0.03 g, 0.08 mmol), and mixture of glacial acetic acid(13 mL) and chloroform (0.5 mL). The mixture was refluxed under nitrogenfor 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture wasextracted with dichloromethane and purified by chromatography on aluminawith mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.05 g of yellowsolid was obtained. Yield: 95%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 11.16 (s,1H), 7.98 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (t, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 7.58-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.42 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 3H),7.27 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H),6.63 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 6.05 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H) 2.01-1.95(m, 4H), 1.12-1.03 (m, 4H), 0.71-0.61 (m, 10H). MS (ESI): 782.5 (M⁺).

Example 35—Preparation of Complex 105

To a round bottom flask was charged with Ligand 405 (0.09 g, 0.2 mmol),K₂PtCl₄ (0.08 g, 0.2 mmol), and mixture of glacial acetic acid (30 mL)and chloroform (1.2 mL). The mixture was refluxed under nitrogen for 24h. After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture was extractedwith dichloromethane and purified by chromatography on alumina withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.1 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 90%. ¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 400 MHz): δ 9.92 (d, J=6.2 Hz,1H), 7.87-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.57 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.25 (m, 7H), 7.03(d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 6.55(t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.06-1.98 (m, 4H), 1.11-1.04 (m, 4H), 0.71-0.63 (m,10H). MS(ESI): 769.3 (M⁺).

Example 36—Preparation of Complex 106

To a round bottom flask were charged with Ligand 406 (0.59 g, 1.0 mmol),K₂PtCl₄ (0.50 g, 1.2 mmol), and mixture of glacial acetic acid (180 mL)and chloroform (6.5 mL). The mixture was refluxed under nitrogen for 24h. After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture was extractedwith dichloromethane and purified by chromatography on alumina withmixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.75 g of yellow solidwas obtained. Yield: 95%. ¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 500 MHz): δ 10.25 (d, J=5.8Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.63-7.60 (m,2H), 7.52 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.39(d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 6.67(d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 2.10-1.98 (m,4H), 1.14-1.09 (m, 13H), 0.80-0.68 (m, 10H). MS(ESI): 788.9 (M⁺).

Example 37—Preparation of Complex 107

To a round bottom flask were charged with Ligand 407 (0.25 g, 0.4 mmol),K₂PtCl₄ (0.22 g, 0.5 mmol), and mixture of glacial acetic acid (80 mL)and chloroform (3 mL). The mixture was refluxed under nitrogen for 24 h.After cooling to room temperature, the crude mixture was extracted withdichloromethane and purified by chromatography on alumina with mixtureof hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1). 0.32 g of yellow solid wasobtained. Yield: 96%. ¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 500 MHz): δ10.32 (d, J=6.0 Hz,1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.77-7.72 (m, 4H), 7.66 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.51(m, 3H), 7.45 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (t, J=6.9Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.56-6.51 (m, 2H), 2.23-2.09 (m, 4H),1.18-1.11 (m, 4H), 0.89-0.66 (m, 10H). MS(ESI): 756.8 (M⁺).

Example 38—Preparation of Complex 108

A mixture of Ligand 408 (0.54 g, 0.90 mmol), potassiumtetrachloroplatinate (0.45 g, 1.08 mmol) in 50 mL glacial acetic acidand 10 mL chloroform was refluxed for 2 days. The solution was cooleddown to room temperature and was partitioned between dichloromethane andwater. The organic layer was dried with magnesium sulfate and thevolatiles were removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified bycolumn chromatography using dichloromethane as eluent. The product wasobtained as an orange solid. Yield: 0.44 g (62%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500MHz): δ9.97 (dd, J=6.0 Hz, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.97-7.94 (m, 2H),7.90 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H),7.64 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 2H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39(t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (dd,J=8.3 Hz, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H),1.49 (s, 18H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz): δ 164.76, 164.27, 153.13,151.87, 150.21, 149.45, 149.39, 147.04, 142.74, 139.64, 138.29, 137.41,136.85, 131.07, 130.09, 128.50, 126.17, 124.64, 124.23, 123.56, 122.78,122.09, 121.47, 121.45, 118.75, 118.24, 117.58, 115.14, 114.55, 114.15,113.62, 113.47, 35.18, 31.63

Example 39—Preparation of Complex 109

A mixture of Ligand 409 (0.47 g, 0.79 mmol), potassiumtetrachloroplatinate (0.39 g, 0.95 mmol) in 50 mL glacial acetic acidand 10 mL chloroform was refluxed for 2 days. The solution was cooleddown to room temperature and was partitioned between dichloromethane andwater. The organic layer was dried with magnesium sulfate and thevolatiles were removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified bycolumn chromatography using dichloromethane as eluent. The product wasobtained as an orange solid. Yield: 0.32 g (51%). ¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 500MHz): δ 10.31 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=7.5Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.01-8.97 (m, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=7.6 Hz,1H), 7.70 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=7.6 Hz,1H), 7.50-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.39 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.15 (m, 1H), 7.08(d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.11-1.99 (m, 4H), 1.16-1.05(m, 12H), 0.83-0.75 (m, 10H). ¹³C NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 126 MHz): δ 161.73,160.24, 154.76, 153.50, 150.23, 147.53, 142.79, 142.19, 139.79, 138.15,137.63, 132.43, 129.54, 128.37, 126.47, 126.04, 123.09, 122.79, 121.53,121.10, 118.78, 118.36, 118.13, 115.80, 114.18, 114.12, 113.11, 108.18,55.38, 39.91, 31.50, 29.68, 24.03, 22.53, 13.71.

Example 40—Preparation of Complex 110

A mixture of Ligand 410 (0.12 g, 0.18 mmol), potassiumtetrachloroplatinate (0.08 g, 0.20 mmol) in 50 mL glacial acetic acidand 10 mL chloroform was refluxed for 2 days. The solution was cooleddown to room temperature and was partitioned between dichloromethane andwater. The organic layer was dried with magnesium sulfate and thevolatiles were removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified bycolumn chromatography using dichloromethane as eluent.

The product was obtained as an orange-red solid. Yield: 0.11 g (72%). ¹HNMR (CD₂Cl₂, 500 MHz): δ 10.06 (dd, J=6.1 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H),8.05 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.00-7.97 (m, 2H), 7.91-7.88 (m, 2H), 7.67 (s,1H), 7.65 (s, 3H), 7.61 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.33 (t,J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (t,J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 1.47 (s, 18H), 1.43 (s, 9H). ¹³C NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 126 MHz): δ165.49, 164.82, 153.62, 152.55, 150.96, 149.74, 147.84, 146.84, 143.06,138.76, 138.41, 138.29, 137.62,* 131.68, 130.70, 128.69, 125.04, 124.92,124.84, 124.31, 123.77, 122.42, 122.05, 119.42, 118.76, 118.47, 118.14,115.81, 115.07, 114.38, 114.14, 114.09, 35.63. 35.19. 31.99. 31.89.

Example 41—Preparation of Complex 129

A mixture of Ligand ONCN09 (0.038 g, 0.06 mmol), potassiumtetrachloroplatinate (0.03 g, 0.07 mmol) in 10.4 mL glacial acetic acidand 0.4 mL chloroform was refluxed for 12 hours. The solution was cooleddown to room temperature and was partitioned between dichloromethane andwater. The organic layer was dried with magnesium sulfate and thevolatiles were removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified bycolumn chromatography using hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1) aseluent. The product was obtained as an orange solid. Yield: 0.046 g(94%). ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 10.36 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (s, 1H),8.30 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H),7.66 (s, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 3H), 7.47 (d,J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (s, 2H), 6.92 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.2 Hz,1H), 6.59 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 1.44 (s, 18H).

Example 42—Preparation of Complex 130

A mixture of Ligand ONCN12 (0.044 g, 0.07 mmol), potassiumtetrachloroplatinate (0.03 g, 0.08 mmol) in 12.5 mL glacial acetic acidand 0.4 mL chloroform was refluxed for 12 hours. The solution was cooleddown to room temperature and was partitioned between dichloromethane andwater. The organic layer was dried with magnesium sulfate and thevolatiles were removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified bycolumn chromatography using hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1) aseluent. The product was obtained as an orange solid. Yield: 0.054 g(95%). ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 10.40 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 8.76 (s, 1H),8.21 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H),7.62 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.47-7.39(m, 3H), 7.35-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (t, J=6.6 Hz,1H), 6.72 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.02 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (d, J=8.2 Hz,1H), 2.07 (m, 4H), 1.15 (m, 5H), 0.72 (m, 10H).

Example 43—Preparation of Complex 13

A mixture of Ligand ONCN14 (0.086 g, 0.14 mmol), potassiumtetrachloroplatinate (0.03 g, 0.16 mmol) in 25.5 mL glacial acetic acidand 1 mL chloroform was refluxed for 12 hours. The solution was cooleddown to room temperature and was partitioned between dichloromethane andwater. The organic layer was dried with magnesium sulfate and thevolatiles were removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified bycolumn chromatography using hexane and ethyl acetate (v/v=10:1) aseluent. The product was obtained as an orange solid. Yield: 0.107 g(93%). ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 10.10 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d,J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.65-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.46 (t, J=7.6Hz, 2H), 7.41-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.04 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.01-6.95 (m, 1H),6.90 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.35 (s, 1H), 6.15 (d,J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (m, 4H), 1.27 (m, 3H), 1.19-1.04 (m, 10H), 0.82-0.63(m, 9H).

Example 44—Photophysical Properties for Complexes 101, 102, 103, 105,106, 107, 108, 109 and 129

Absorption λ_(max)/nm (molar extinction Emission (dichloromethanesolution) coefficient/10⁴ mol⁻¹dm³ cm⁻¹) λ_(max)/nm ϕ τ/μsK_(q)/mol⁻¹dm³s⁻¹ Complex 101 330 (2.16), 370 (1.13), 450 551 0.91 4.312 × 10⁷ (0.27), 481 (0.21) Complex 102 342 (1.96), 370 (0.99), 432 540,605, 659 0.092 12.5 2 × 10⁷ (0.21), 492 (0.14) Complex 103 321 (1.87),337 (1.31), 365 511, 540 0. 92 13.0 2 × 10⁸ (1.17), 393 (0.79), 434(0.44), 458 (0.38) Complex 105 336 (0.85), 355 (0.97), 386 505, 530, 5740.54 31.6 2 × 10⁶ (0.56), 416 (0.42), 438 (0.34), 469 (0.04) Complex 106325 (2.30), 368 (1.44), 396 515, 552, 596 0.97 10.9 4 × 10⁷ (1.03), 438(0.54), 464 (0.46) Complex 107 334 (1.99), 355 (1.40), 375 531, 573 0.4426.5 7 × 10⁶ (1.02), 433 (0.98), 474 (0.36) Complex 108 264 (43213); 274(45223); 324 540, 583, 625 0.41 (26577); 353 (18914); 369 (16897); 414(13880); 442 (5902); 471 (4463) Complex 109 278 (5218); 298 (47859); 334553, 587 0.86 (40668); 355 (23675); 385 (15888); 413 (9370); 461 (4078);488 (3516); Complex 129 343 (2.09), 364 (1.51), 439 573 0.21 12.6 5 ×10⁷ (0.66), 472 (0.37), 501 (0.31)

Example 45—General Procedures for Vacuum Deposition

In one embodiment, OLEDs were fabricated on glass substrates withpre-patterned ITO electrodes. The substrates were cleaned in anultrasonic bath of detergent and deionized water, rinsed with deionizedwater, and then cleaned in sequential ultrasonic baths of dionizedwater, acetone, and isopropanol, and subsequently dried in an oven for 1h. The substrates were then transferred into a vacuum chamber, in whichfunctional layers were in sequence deposited by thermal evaporation at apressure of 10⁻⁶-10⁻⁷ torr. The thickness of the deposited material wasmonitored in situ using an oscillating quartz thickness monitor. Finallya LiF buffer layer and Al cathode were vapor deposited onto the organicfilms. EL spectra, luminance, and CIE coordination were measured by aPhoto Research Inc PR-655. Voltage-current characteristics were measuredby using a Keithley 2400 source measurement unit. All devices werecharacterized at room temperature in the atmosphere withoutencapsulation.

Example 46—OLED 1

A device was fabricated according to Example 45 wherein four functionallayers including MoO₃ (5 nm), CzSiCz (40 nm), CsPO₃: Complex 101 (4%, 30nm) and DPOSi (30 nm), which were used as hole-injection layer,hole-transporting layer, emissive layer and electron-transporting layerrespectively, were deposited in sequence. This device showed yellowemission with CIE coordinate of (0.42, 0.56), maximum current efficiencyof 62.4 cd/A and efficiency roll-off of 11.9% at 1000 cd/m⁻².

Example 47—OLED 2

A device was fabricated according to Example 45 wherein four functionallayers including MoO₃ (2 nm), DczSi (40 nm), CsPO1: Complex 101 (2%, 30nm) and DPOSi (30 nm), which were used as hole-injection layer,hole-transporting layer, emissive layer and electron-transporting layerrespectively, were deposited in sequence. This device showed yellowemission with CIE coordinate of (0.39, 0.59), maximum current efficiencyof 77.0 cd/A and efficiency roll-off of 5.2% at 1000 cd/m⁻².

Example 48—OLED 3

A device was fabricated with according to 45 wherein four functionallayers including MoO₃ (5 nm), CzSiCz (40 nm), CsPO3: Complex 103 (2%, 30nm) and DPOSi (30 nm), which were used as hole-injection layer,hole-transporting layer, emissive layer and electron-transporting layerrespectively, were deposited in sequence. This device showed greenemission with CIE coordinate of (0.28, 0.61), maximum current efficiencyof 43.6 cd/A and efficiency roll-off of 12.8% at 1000 cd/m⁻².

Example 49—OLED 4

A device was fabricated according to Example 45 wherein six functionallayers including MoO₃ (5 nm), NPB (30 nm), TCTA (10 nm), TCTA: Complex103 (10%, 15 nm), 1,3,5-tri(phenyl-2-benzimidazolyl)-benzene (TPBi):Complex 103 (10%, 15 nm) and TPBi (30 nm) which were used ashole-injection layer, hole-transporting layer, electron-blocking layer,emissive layer 1, emissive layer 2 and electron-transporting layerrespectively, were deposited in sequence. This device showed greenemission with CIE coordinate of (0.27, 0.60), maximum current efficiencyof 60.0 cd/A and efficiency roll-off of 33.3% at 1000 cd/m⁻².

Example 50—OLED 5

A device was fabricated according to Example 45 wherein six functionallayers including MoO₃ (5 nm), NPB (30 nm), TCTA (10 nm), CBP: Complex103 (7%, 15 nm), TAZ: Complex 103 (7%, 15 nm) and TAZ (30 nm) which wereused as hole-injection layer, hole-transporting layer, electron-blockinglayer, emissive layer 1, emissive layer 2 and electron-transportinglayer respectively, were deposited in sequence. This device showed greenemission with CIE coordinate of (0.27, 0.60), maximum current efficiencyof 78.0 cd/A and efficiency roll-off of 38.5% at 1000 cd/m⁻².

Example 51—General Procedures for Solution Process Fabrication

In one embodiment, OLEDs were fabricated on glass substrates withpre-patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. The substrates werecleaned in an ultrasonic bath of detergent and deionized water, rinsedwith deionized water, and then cleaned in sequential ultrasonic baths ofdionized water, acetone, and isopropanol, and subsequently dried in anoven for 1 h. The solution processable functional layers were depositionin sequence by spin coating. The samples were then then transferred intoa vacuum chamber, in which the rest functional layers were in sequencedeposited by thermal evaporation at a pressure of 10⁻⁶-10⁻⁷ torr. Thethickness of the deposited material was monitored in situ using anoscillating quartz thickness monitor. Finally a LiF buffer layer and Alcathode were vapor deposited onto the organic films. EL spectra,luminance, and CIE coordination were measured by a Photo Research IncPR-655. Voltage-current characteristics were measured by using aKeithley 2400 source measurement unit. All devices were characterized atroom temperature in the atmosphere without encapsulation.

Example 52—OLED 6

A device was fabricated according to Example 51 wherein two solutionprocessable functional layers including PEDOT: PPS and POSC1: Complex101 (10%), which were used as hole-injection and hole-transporting layerand emissive layer respectively, were deposited by spin coated insequenced. Afterward, a layer of TPBi (30 nm) was deposition by vacuumdeposition as electron-transporting layer. This device showed yellowemission with CIE coordinate of (0.46, 0.54), maximum current efficiencyof 35.0 cd/A and efficiency roll-off of 5.7% at 1000 cd/m⁻².

All references, including publications, patent applications and patents,cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each reference was individually and specifically indicated to beincorporated by reference and was set forth in its entirety herein.

The terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents as used in thecontext of describing the invention are to be construed to cover boththe singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein orclearly contradicted by context.

Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as ashorthand method of referring individually to each separate valuefalling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and eachseparate value is incorporated into the specification as if it wereindividually recited herein. Unless otherwise stated, all exact valuesprovided herein are representative of corresponding approximate values(e.g., all exact exemplary values provided with respect to a particularfactor or measurement can be considered to also provide a correspondingapproximate measurement, modified by “about,” where appropriate).

The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”)provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the inventionand does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unlessotherwise indicated. No language in the specification should beconstrued as indicating any element is essential to the practice of theinvention unless as much is explicitly stated.

The description herein of any aspect or embodiment of the inventionusing terms such as “comprising”, “having”, “including” or “containing”with reference to an element or elements is intended to provide supportfor a similar aspect or embodiment of the invention that “consists of”,“consists essentially of”, or “substantially comprises” that particularelement or elements, unless otherwise stated or clearly contradicted bycontext (e.g., a composition described herein as comprising a particularelement should be understood as also describing a composition consistingof that element, unless otherwise stated or clearly contradicted bycontext).

It should be understood that the examples and embodiments describedherein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modificationsor changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in theart and are to be included within the spirit and purview of thisapplication.

What is claimed is:
 1. A light-emitting device comprising anorganometallic complex having a chemical structure of Structure I:

wherein R₁-R₁₆ are independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, anunsubstituted alkyl, a substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, an unsubstitutedaryl, a substituted aryl, acyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, amino, nitro,acylamino, aralkyl, cyano, carboxyl, thio, styryl, aminocarbonyl,carbamoyl, aryloxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, or an alkoxycarbonyl group;wherein each pair of adjacent R groups of R₁-R₁₆ can be independentlytwo separate groups or one group, and form one or more 5-8 member ringswith 2 to 4 X groups; and wherein X₁-X₂₁ are independently carbon,nitrogen, silicon, germanium, or phosphorous.
 2. The light-emittingdevice of claim 1, wherein the device is an organic light-emitting diode(OLED).
 3. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the efficiencyroll-off at 1000 cd/m⁻² is less than 7%.
 4. The light-emitting device ofclaim 1, wherein the efficiency roll-off at 1000 cd/m⁻² is less than50%.
 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the device emits green light witha CIE of (0.25±0.05, 0.63±0.05).
 6. The device of claim 1, wherein thedevice emits yellow to orange light with a CIE of (0.40±0.1, 0.4±0.1).